Stratagic leadership in a changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stratagic leadership in a changing world - Essay Example In this war the weapon is strategy. A strategy is a tool used for managing the organization’s resources in order to mitigate risks & optimize resources. This is the simplest definition of the term strategy. However in real life, the organizations face a lot of complexity to form & maintain a strategy. Strategy forms an integral part of the discipline strategic management domain. Thus framing the right strategy and implementing it stepwise is known as the process of strategic planning. The strategic planning process is a stage wise procedure that has got specific objectives and final outcomes that can be employed and analyzed. In simpler terms, this process is the means to view the future and creating an outline on the basis of recent trends and controlling the forces that can affect the strategic decisions (Ahoy, 1998). Strategic planning is an essential part of strategic management. Strategic Management involves actions and thoughts which are focused at the long-term objectiv es the entire organization and the strategic planning is usually done during situations of uncertainty (Downey, 2007). Strategies are generally designed for meeting the future challenges and for exploiting upcoming opportunities. Every firm needs a strategy tailored according to their needs (Cole, 2003, pp. 2-15). If a firm is not following a strategic plan, then it becomes tough for it to survive in this challenging world of competitions. In the present discussion we will study the Inside out and the Outside in schools of strategic management. Inside-Out and Outside-In planning Inside out is a  business strategic planning  process  that depends on the  competitive advantage  of the  firm  to  encourage  alteration,  innovation  and product development  in contrast to the external  forces  like the  market, consumer  preferences and competition. The declaration by the strategists who believe in the inside-out approach suggests that a firm  attains  better  efficiencies  and become accustomed more rapidly to the changing situations. The inside-out and outside frameworks of strategic planning involves significant concepts that are applied in order to link strategic pattern to the external and internal accountability steps. These external and internal accountability steps are widespread in all aspects of the national govern aments, districts around the schools and the local firms like the insurance companies, banks etc. Inside-Out arrangement emphasizes on the firm as the primary customer. It facilitates an association to have a vision of the firm which goes beyond the business world. The Inside out framework of planning typically puts stress on the goals, purposes and mission. It always considers the well being of the business and is characteristically known as hasty in nature. Outside-In process of planning puts stress on the general public as the key addressees. It perceives the business from the exterior. It usually con fronts the status quo and often causes uneasiness to the existing workers since it suggests transformation. Outside-in process of planning is characteristically practical in nature (Boleman, 2003). Example of Inside Out Planning Firms adapting the inside-out approach require examining their own weaknesses and strengths by putting forth the questions like, â€Å"What are we good at making and selling?†(Civichino, 2012). As the strengths are recognized, the firm creates the products accordingly and applies

Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman Essay -- Walt Whitman on Democracy

Walt Whitman is possibly one of the best examples of an artist who drew no distinctions between art and culture. To Whitman art is culture, and culture is history. His role as an artist must then be intrinsically manifesting himself as a representative of the America masses, or express himself as America personified. He saw democracy as an inseparable attribute of Americaness. However, the America he lived in was desperately fractured amongst differing factions with different opinions on the definition of â€Å"democracy†. Regardless, Whitman did not see the problems of his day as a top versus bottom, bottom versus top issue (no entendre intended). But, rather, an issue that exploded out of every orifice of American life. Ernesto Guevara spoke of love and conflict: â€Å"Let me say, with the risk of appearing ridiculous, that the true revolutionary is guided by strong feelings of love. It is impossible to think of an authentic revolutionary without this quality†¦Our vanguard revolutionaries must idealize their love for the people, for the most hallowed causes, and make it one and indivisible†¦They must struggle every day so that their love of living humanity is transformed into concrete deeds, into acts that will serve as an example as a mobilizing factor.† (Minogue, 33). Ezra Greenspan explains that most contemporary criticism falls into one of two camps that are separated by two major historical events. He explains that there is a â€Å"Cold War generation who tended to focus on what they perceived to be the unrestrained freedom of the self† (143) and that there is the â€Å"post-Vietnam War† generation who argue â€Å"that Whitman’s attempts to celebrate modern freedom are compromised and complicated by the immersion of author, subject and t... ... on the battlefield, however, they return to the eternal mother in which they again convene and become an even more physical manifestation of a collective as they combine into the geography of America â€Å"in unseen essence and odor of surface and grass, centuries hence† (396). Works Cited Greenspan, Ezra, and Walt Whitman. Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself†: A Sourcebook and Critical Edition. New York [u.a.: Routledge, 2005. Print Minogue, Kenneth. â€Å"Che Guevara.† The New Left. New York: Library, 1971. 17-48. Print. Pascal, Richard. â€Å"Walt Whitman and Woody Guthrie: American Prophet-Singers and their People.† journal of American Studies 24.1 (1990): 41-59. Web. Apr. 2012. Press, H. â€Å"The Existential Basis of Marxism.† Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 37.3 (1977): 331-344. Web. Apr. 2012. Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. New York: Bantam, 1983. Print.

Course Syllabus Essay

Course Description This course examines the history and issues of federal- and state-level crime control initiatives and explores the development of effective anticrime policies. The analysis of contemporary crime control policies is included. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Dunn, W. N. (2008). Public policy analysis: An introduction (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Public Policy Foundations and Views in Criminal Justice Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Evaluate the role of the United States constitution in relationship to the development of contemporary criminal justice policy. 1.2 Differentiate between the roles of federal and state government in the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. 1.3 Distinguish between legislatively based policy and administrative regulatory policy as they relate to crime and criminal justice. 1.4 Compare and contrast the rights of the accused with the policy mission of protecting the public from criminal behavior. 1.5 Differentiate between factors that affect criminal justice policy making. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 1–3 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 1 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Read the following documents on the student web page. Learning Team Toolkit Toolkit Essentials Why Learning Teams? Team Basics Getting Started Getting to Results Project Planning Decisions/Conflict Resolution Team Learning Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-13-14 Prior to 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-13-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Select Learning Team members who will work together throughout the course. Create a Learning Team Log and a Learning Team Charter. (these must be submitted to the learning team forum no later than 5-20-14 prior to Week 2 class). Review this week’s objectives and those for week two. Review the Learning Team Assignment for week two and begin to outline your first assignment. 5-13-14 in class LTL and LTC 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis I Paper Choose a current federal, state, or local issue that directly affects public policy pertaining to the criminal justice system. For example: sentencing guidelines, prison overcrowding, medical marijuana, immigration, or police discretion. Prepare a 700-1050-word paper in which you analyze the issue and related policy. Be sure to address to following points in your analysis (see the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Be prepared to discuss you paper in class. Describe the issue. Is this policy a regulatory or legislative-initiated policy? Who initiated the issue or policy Is there a constitutional issue How will the issue or policy affect the community, the accused, and the victims Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week1†: 5-13-14 by 6pm 10 Week Two: Policy Differences in Approach for Policing, Judicial Action, and Correctional Practices Details Due Points Objectives 2 2.1 Differentiate between policy perspectives among the police, courts, and corrections at the federal and state level. 2.2 Analyze the historical evolution of criminal justice policy relating to policing, the courts, and corrections over the past 50 years. 2.3 Identify opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 10–12 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-20-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-20-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Nongraded Activities and Preparation Familiarize yourself with the following websites: http://www.crimelibrary.com/ http://www.crimetheory.com/ 5-20-14 by 6pm Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the Learning Team Log and the Learning Team Charter. Prepare the Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Historical Policy Comparison. 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Prepare a 1,050-1,750 – word paper in which you compare and contrast the differences and similarities of federal and state government as it pertains to their role in the implementation of criminal justice policies. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation on your paper in class. You may take one of two approaches. You may identify a single policy/issue and discuss how the state vs. federal government addressed it, for example: states that have legalized marijuana vs. the federal law on marijuana, or Arizona’s immigration laws vs. federal immigration law, or state laws on drug trafficking vs. federal laws on drug trafficking. You must address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Or you may compare and contrast the policy development and implementation process in general, of the state government vs. the federal government. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. (See the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Identify the criminal justice policy. Identify what roles the state and federal government play in this policy. Identify the similarities and differences. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week2 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Policy Analysis II Paper Prepare a 1,400-2,100-word paper in which you conduct secondary research on the policies of two components of the criminal justice system and describe how these policies affect the operations and decision-making process of the selected two components. Be sure to summarize the policies and analyze their implications for the criminal justice system, including potential effectiveness and limitations. For example, some prosecutor’s offices may have an unwritten policy of avoiding prosecution for possession of small amounts of drugs. How does this affect police operations, arrest rates, and public perceptions of the police? Prepare a 7-10 minute presentation of your paper for class. Properly cite your references consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team  forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week2†. 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Week Three: Effective and Ineffective Policy Making in Response to Crime Details Due Points Objectives 3 3.1 Analyze effective and ineffective criminal justice initiatives at the local, state, and federal levels that have had historical significance. 3.2 Discuss goals in the criminal justice system that policy attempts to achieve. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4, 5, 7, & 9 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-27-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-27-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Budget and Policy Paper. 5-27-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis III—Compare and Contrast Paper Select a policy to analyze. Then, prepare a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which you summarize the policy to include how aspects of the conflict and crime control model AND the consensus and due process model impact the effectiveness and/or relevance of the policy. OR, you may compare/contrast two policies, one that illustrates the conflict and crime control model and the other impacted by the consensus and due process model. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation in class. Address the following questions: Describe the policy/s What role does law enforcement play in these policies? What roles do the prosecutor and courts play in these policies? What role does corrections play in these policies? Is there a difference between federal application and state and local application of policies? Identify elements of both models. What is your opinion of the various policies? Explain in detail How can we measure the effectiveness of these policies? Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Historical Policy Comparison Prepare a 1050-1400-word paper in which you conduct a comparative analysis of the evolution of criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in criminal justice. In your comparative analysis address  the areas of policing, the courts, and corrections and identify the various opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy? Examples include the evolution of DUI enforcement, the evolution of the use of forensic evidence (trace evidence, DNA), the evolution of witness identification, or the evolution of sex crimes enforcement and punishment) Prepare a 7-10 minute team presentation to be given in class. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Week Four: Political Impacts upon Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 4 4.1 Determine the impact of politics on the budgetary process. 4 .2 Evaluate the relationship between fiscal resources and the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 6 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-3-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. 6-3-14 by 6pm Learning Team Budget and Policy Paper Select a policy issue from the following list: DUI task forces Plea bargaining Offender reentry/integration Victim assistance Immigration War on drugs War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you: Summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy Identify any historical significance that may have impact. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be  considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week4†. 6-3-14 by 6pm 10 Week Five: Globalization of Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 5 5.1 Explain the globalization of criminal justice policy in relationship to contemporary issues. 5.2 Predict the effects of globalization on the development of criminal justice policy in the future. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 6-10-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-10-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). 6-10-14 by 6pm n/a Learning Team Instructions Submit your Learning Team Log. Submit your Learning Team Evaluation. Each team member must submit a separate copy to the instructor. 6-10-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Development Paper Select one of the following topics for your paper in which you will develop your own policy to address your chosen issue: Community-Oriented Policing Terrorism–Security Policy for Large Events Leave Policy for officers to work with governments in foreign countries Domestic Violence Policy Elder Abuse Policy Human Trafficking Policy Sex Trafficking Organized Crime Policy Cyberspace/Technology Policy Educational and Training Policy for officers, mid-level managers and executives Reducing prison overcrowding Prepare a 2,100-2,800- word paper in which you research the relevant statistics, facts, resources, and public opinions to develop your own local, statewide, or federal policy recommendation related to the topic you selected. Be prepared to make a7-10 minute presentation on your paper, to include a PowerPoint, outlining your paper and its significant policy recommendation. (If you have a topic in mind that isn’t listed consult your instructor.) You must Include: Your specific identified policy recommendation/s and/or proposal – what is it, and is it city, state, federal? What is the rationale for the proposal or recommendation – why is it relevant and important? What is the impact on contemporary criminal justice issues? What will the impact be in the context of globalization? Your stakeholders and their positions and opinions (politicians judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys, correctional officers, law enforcement  officers/administrators, victims, advocates, and many others) Statistical, factual, public opinion and historical information, which supports your policy claim Obstacles and support for your policy Politics that may impact your policy and how you might address this Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your last name followed by â€Å"week5†. Note. In addition to the University Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service has many articles reflecting contemporary criminal justice policies. http://www.ncjrs.gov 6-10-14 by 6pm 20 14 points on the paper, 6 points on the PP presentation Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions What are the steps of developing a policy within the criminal justice arena? How does the United States constitution impact the development of criminal justice policy? Is there a better way in which policy can be developed? Explain. What is the role of state government in criminal justice policy development and implementation? How does the role of the federal government differ from that of state government? What changes would you recommend that would improve the overall process of criminal justice policy development and implementation? What is a legislatively based policy? What is an administrative regulatory policy? How do these various policies impact the criminal justice system?  Compare and contrast the criteria for these two policy types and their impact within the criminal justice system. Explain your answer. What are the rights of the accused? How are these rights affected with regard to the policy mission of protecting the public? What would happen if these rights were not upheld? Explain. What items affect the development criminal justice policy? How are these items addressed and overcome during the development process? What changes to the process would you recommend to improve policy development. Week Two Discussion Questions What is an example of a policy within the courts, police, and corrections at the state level? What is the difference between policy among the courts, police, and corrections at the federal level? Is there a better solution to the way in which these groups approach policy development at a state and/or federal level? Explain. What is the historical evolution of policy within the criminal justice system? How has the approach to policy within the criminal justice system changed over the last 50 years? Compare and contrast the criteria of early criminal justice policy and current criminal justice policy. What is the definition of policy implementation? How can policy implementation improve for better cooperation within the various elements of the criminal justice system? What opportunities for improvement would you recommend for successful policy implementation? Week Three Discussion Questions What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the state level? What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the federal level? How have historical initiatives impacted the criminal justice system currently? Is there a better way to improve criminal justice initiatives at the local,  state, and federal levels? Explain? What are the goals of policy within the criminal justice system? How do these goals contribute to success? How can the goals of a policy be improved to be more effective? Explain. Week Four Discussion Questions What is an example of politics as it relates to budgetary initiatives in criminal justice? How do politics impact budgetary processes? What would happen if politics were more/less involved in the process? Explain. What resources are associated with criminal justice policy development? How do these resources impact the development of criminal justice policy development? How can we improve the relationship between fiscal resources and the development/implementation of criminal justice policy? What are your recommendations? Week Five Discussion Questions What is the impact of globalization on criminal justice policy? How does this affect the development of criminal justice policy? What changes to global criminal justice policy would you suggest/recommend? What are current/contemporary issues that affect criminal justice policy? How do these issues relate to the overall development/implementation of policy? What would happen if globalization wasn’t considered when developing/implementing criminal justice policy? Explain.

Essay about How To Take a Dental Impression - 508 Words

Many of us have been to a dentist at some point our lives. There are a number of procedures that can be completed during an appointment that are painless for a patient. One of the pain free procedures would have to be having a dental impression taken. This procedure doesn’t involve needles, or any of the other sharp objects that people seem to dislike. Getting a dental impression is a speedy procedure that only takes a couple of minutes. A dental impression is made using an elastic material called alginate. The impression is a negative of the mouth in which plaster or dental stone is placed, in order to make an accurate copy of the mouth. Impressions are taken for diagnostic reasons and used to construct various types of dental and†¦show more content†¦Next select a dental impression tray that will fit comfortably in the patients’ mouth. Then take four tablespoons of alginate and pour it into the bowl. The alginate must be packed into the measuring cup, because the powder is a light substance and needs to be packed in order to have enough to take a full impression. Next the alginate needs to be put into the mixing bowl with the water. Immediately after pouring stir the water and alginate to moisten all the powder so the mixture will not fly out when spinning. Firmly press the mixture against the sides of the bowl while the machine spins, until the mixture is of a smooth consistency. When the alginate is mixed together it is ready to be used. Finally press the mixture firmly in the dental impression tray, and place it in the patients’ mouth. Once in, press the tray up or down, (depending on whether it is the upper or lower teeth), starting with the back molar and working forward. Rolling the tray from the back to the front will prevent any of the mixture from going down the patients’ throat. While coming to the front teeth, be sure to lift the lip over the dental tray to ensure that the gum line is well defined. The alginate mixture will become firm fairly quickly, depending on how fast it was placed in the mouth after mixing. The substance will be ready to remove when it is hard to the touch. After the impression tray is removed from the mouth the painless procedure isShow MoreRelatedMy Career As A Dental Assistant Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesshort career as a registered dental assistant. Immediately after high school, I attended Concorde Career College with the goal of obtaining a dental assistant degree. Dental assistants help dental operators such as dentists and dental hygienists with providing more efficient dental treatment. We also prepare patients for treatments, sterilize instruments, handle instruments, operate dental equipment, process dental radiographs, and take dental impressions (â€Å"Dental Assistant†). After graduationRead MoreDental Tips For Dental Assistant1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe camera. Could you imagine if people have lost there teeth, how are they going to look and how can they chew food? This was the reason I went to dental assisting school and become a registered dental assistant. After high school, I have attended Concorde Career College and received my dental assistant degree. Dental assistants assist the dental operators such as dentists or dental hygienists in providing more efficient dental treatment. We also preparing patients for treatment, sterilizingRead MoreTips For A Dental Assistant Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages but could you imagine if people have lost there teeth, how are they going to look and how can they chew food? This was the reason I went to dental assistant school and become a register dental assistant. After high school, I have attended Concorde Career College and received my dental assistant degree. 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This is because cavities are mostly fixed by digging out the debris and fillingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Dental Anxiety1024 Words   |  5 PagesOutline - Phobia Definition - Dental phobia - Causes of phobia - Signs of phobia - Common fears - Diagnosis - Proper phobia approach - Management: A. Adult Management Strategies B. Pediatric anxiety management - Conclusion - References ïÆ'Ëœ Phobia Definition: - A phobia is an intense fear of something that has little or no actual danger. In general, most of the phobias develop in childhood but they can also develop in adulthood. ïÆ'Ëœ What is Dental Anxiety or Phobia? - Dental anxiety is very common andRead MoreCad / Cam ( Computer Aided Manufacturing )1747 Words   |  7 Pages There is no doubt in any dental professional s mind that most people would prefer to spend as little time in the dental chair as possible. 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Liver Cancer - 1757 Words

â€Å"Each Year in the United States about one-hundred and fifty-thousand patients develop cancer of the colon or rectum. Around fifty percent of these patients will either have a cancer that has already spread to the liver or they will come back in future years with metastatic cancer to the liver.† Liver cancer, or other known as Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is a cancer residing in the liver. There are other cancers like metastatic cancer that starts at other organs then spreads to the liver. Being the third most common cancer in the world, it is also one of the deadliest. Twenty percent of the patients that are affected by liver cancer survive for a year after diagnosis. Sadly, five percentile of the survivors live for only five years or more.†¦show more content†¦During stage two, there might possible still be only one tumor found, or there are several around two inches, but unfortunately it has also gained access to close blood vessels. There are chances of a liver t ransplant as long as the patient does not have cirrhosis, or is a possibility for the selected patients with stage one, or stage two. If faced with the chance of a liver transplant, the percentile of living five years rises from five percent all the way to thirty to sixty percent. In stage three there are three different possibilities. One of them is that several tumors are present with one being larger than two inches, or one of the tumors has gained access to a major vein in the liver area. Another possibility is that one of the tumors has invaded a close organ, or has infiltrated the liver’s outer layer. The last option of stage three is that close lymph nodes have been invaded. For the final possible stage of liver cancer, the cancer and tumors have spread to other organs, and or parts of the body. In this stage, tumors can no longer be surgically removed, and the survival rate is approximately five percent for five years. Unless the cancer is found in an early stage the chances of survival are very minimal and hazardous. Learning that you are diagnosed with liver cancer is a very grief stricken process. There are many ways of coming into terms with being diagnosed with cancer, but each patient has to find their own way of coping, but theShow MoreRelatedHow Liver Cancer Affects The Liver Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages This report will discuss how liver cancer affects the liver. I will discuss the how liver cancer affects the normal operation of the liver, what causes liver cancer, how this cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated. I will conclude with a discussion of how common liver cancer is. The liver is a vital organ which has multiple functions to keep the body operating normally. The liver stores vitamins, sugar and iron to help give the human body energy. 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Religion Public Schools And Religion - 2002 Words

Religion in Public Schools Issues involving public schools and religion have been topics involving intense debate. It is difficult for the government to elucidate the appropriate boundaries of religion in the public schools. It is true that teaching about religion is permitted in the public education systems, but the real question is where the margin should be set between teaching religion and simply teaching about religion. It is almost impossible to teach about the history of the United States without teaching that religious beliefs associated with the history, artwork, and literature. More than the public is lead to believe, The Constitution permits religious activities in and around public school buildings. It is unfortunate that the†¦show more content†¦Department of Education describes the current laws regarding religion within the public schools. He states that it is, in fact, constitutional to teach about religion in public schools. Also, students have the right to pray individually or in gro ups about their religious values with other students as long as they do not disrupt the students who do not wish to participate. Riley goes on to say that in the classroom, students have the right to read The Bible, and pray quietly to themselves except when they are required to participate in the regular class activities. Teachers or school administrators, however, are prohibited from encouraging religious or non-religious activities to students. Riley comments that during class, teachers can teach about a particular religion, but they are not permitted to teach that or any other religion. Things like, the history of different religions, or religion as literature are permissible subjects within the public schools. Obviously, schools would want to teach the role of religion in the history of the United States since it is such an important part of the country’s history. Riley points out that the same types of laws apply when teaching about the theories of evolution. The school s can teach the different explanations of why there is life on earth but they can only present the evidence and not the religious beliefs. When it comes to assignments or homework,

Drugs Addiction Free Essays

Al Akhawayn University Center for Academic Development Information Literacy Skills 1212 Fall 2010 The causes of drugs addiction Prepared by: ABDELAZIZ Under the supervision of: Dr. AHMED KABEL The causes of drugs addiction: Addiction Nowadays, drugs addiction is considered as one of the most widespread phenomena in our modern societies. Everyone in this modern world has become aware of the dangerous consequences of being drug addicted, yet opium, cocaine, marijuana, cannabis, and many other kinds of drugs have been used for centuries and are still widely used today by a large proportion of people from different age, sex, and economic status. We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, before looking at the factors that push people to take drugs, let us first define drug addiction. According to Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), â€Å"Drug addiction is a dependence on a street drug or a medication. When you’re addicted, you may not be able to control your drug use and you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes. Drug addiction can cause an intense craving for the drug. You may want to quit, but most people find they can’t do it on their own. † In fact, people often underestimate the complexity of drugs addiction and the fact that it has become a contemporary illness that is similar to other chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease. Moreover, many people used to think that people addicted to drugs were just morally weak; hence, they believe that drug abusers are able to stop â€Å"this habit† if they are only willing to do so. However, recent scientific advances have allowed us to know much more about how exactly addictive drugs impact and change the brain, and how stopping drug abuse is very complex and not only a matter of willpower. But, the real problem is that many people still do not have a clear idea about the causes behind addiction. For most of them, according to Hamid Ghodse, â€Å"the cause or causes of drug dependence are not known, or more specifically, it is not known why do some people become addicted while others in the same situation do not† (10). The causes of drugs addiction are numerous and very attached with each other, but the most important factors that interact to lead to this phenomenon are: person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development. It is, obviously, very important to determine whether genetic factors play a significant role in the process of addiction or not at all. Actually, finding genes which predispose to drugs addiction may undoubtedly be very helpful since it will â€Å"aid in the identification of the biological processes involved in the addiction condition and ultimately allow the development of treatments to counteract the abnormal end-point of the processes† (Paul R. Buckland, 1769). Therefore, countless researches, studies, and genetic approaches have been ongoing for many years in order to find any association or linkage between genetic factors and drugs addiction. As a matter of fact, many of these researches could come up with great results and very useful conclusions. For instance, Hamid Ghodse stated in his book â€Å"Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to treatment† that â€Å"the discovery within the body of endogenous receptor systems for a number of psychoactive substances has revived interest in a link between drug dependency and genetic predisposition† (19). In addition, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"genes that people are born with, in combination with environmental influences, account for about half of their addiction vulnerability. † In the same context and quoting from experts, Abramovitz, Melissa wrote in her article titled â€Å"Addiction† that â€Å"genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs play a big part in pushing people toward drug addiction, and researches have found several genes linked to nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol addiction. Also, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) reported that â€Å"once a person has started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited traits. † Therefore, most of researchers confirm the idea that genetic factors play a crucial rule in the process of addiction. However, Paul R. Buckland came up with so many important results, which are in fact a little bit different from the ones stated above, by reviewing and evaluating almost all the studies and evidence that claim the existence of genetic factors in the process of addiction. So, he found that â€Å"the phenotype for addiction to drugs is not well defined, and the heritability of addiction to drugs of abuse is far from clear and may be small compared to that of many other complex disorders† (1773). Moreover, he concluded saying that â€Å"many candidate genes put forward so far as susceptibility genes may be unrelated to the underlying process referred to as addiction but, rather, are related to the propensity to take drugs in the first place† (1769, 1770). But, that does not mean that there is no association between genetic factors and addiction process. In fact, Paul R. Buckland himself has confirmed that there are some genetic studies that have reported a great number of success and could ultimately find some linkage between genes and addiction, but he ended highlighting â€Å"the need for even larger samples and new statistical methods or new experimental approaches to identify fully the genes involved in the disease process† (1771, 1772). Of course, genetic factors are not the only cause behind drug addiction; no one can become addicted to drugs if s/he has never started using drugs. Accordingly, there may be other factors that affect the predisposition to drugs abuse. Actually, a person’s environment includes many different influences that seem to play a significant role in initial drug use. At the first glance, it may spring to many people’s minds that local social problems such as poverty, ignorance, unemployment, break-up of local communities, drug pushers are the main causes of drugs addiction, but according to Hamid Ghodse â€Å"these often-repeated phrases may well be contributory factors,†¦but they are not the causes of drug dependence† (11). On the other hand, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) both consider environmental factors, including one’s family’s beliefs and attitudes, exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, the socioeconomic status and quality of life in general, as the most important influencers that shape addictive behaviour. In fact, Hamid Ghodse, also, illustrates these factors clearly by showing us how â€Å"peer networks can provide opportunities for drug use and support this behaviour† (16) and how â€Å"the importance of peer networks reflect the support or lack of support that the child is receiving at home and the importance of the parent-child relationship as a protective factor against the use of drugs† (16). Therefore, he gives us some situations in which family may play a significant role in the initiation of drug abuse: Factors such as family disruption, criminality and drug abuse of parents and siblings have all been identified as important predisposing factors for drug abuse later on, as have inadequate or ineffective parental supervision and enforcement of rules†¦while satisfactory family relationships and climate, and emotional support to adolescents are influences that appear to delay or diminish initiation into drug use, they can only be developed over a long period of time and attempts to make up for their absence by measures such as a sharp increase in parental control of the adolescent’s behaviour may lead to increased rather than diminished drug abuse (16). In addition to genetic and environmental factors, the age or the stage at which a person starts consuming drugs may have a considerable impact on the process of becoming drugs addicted. According to the Nationa l Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it is to progress to more serious abuse. For instance, one study concerning alcohol addiction which is almost the same as the case of drug addiction showed that â€Å"teens who begin drinking alcohol with their friends before age 15 are four times likelier to become alcoholic than are people who wait until age 21 to drink† (National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), quoted in Abramovitz, Melissa). In the same context, Hamid Ghodse said that â€Å"adolescent drug abuse is of particular importance not only because of the potential for drug-induced harm in a young person but also because taking drugs in childhood and adolescence is a strong predictor for drug abuse in adulthood† (17). Moreover, observations as such, he said, â€Å"have led to theories that suggest that using one drug leads on the consumption of more dangerous dr ugs with a higher dependence liability† (17). Besides, one other reason that we may discover when seeking causes that are related to the stage of initiating using drugs is prescriptions. According to Hamid Ghodse, most of drug-dependent individuals have personality disorders such as low self-esteem and confidence, high anxiety, low assertiveness, and tendency towards hypochondria, so they begin to take some sedatives and tranquillizers or even drugs as self-medication or as treatment prescribed by a doctor to overcome these problems (15, 17). The problem is that many people become addicted to these treatments by continuing using them as Jeffrey Kluger shows in his article The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription. According to Kluger many people become addicted to some prescriptions such as Opioid, Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Hydrocodone while trying to find a treatment to some diseases like cancer pain. In conclusion, it is true that taking drugs for the first time may be a voluntary decision, but factors such us person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development undoubtedly play a considerable role in the process of addiction. Genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs and environmental factors, including family’s beliefs and attitudes, peers’ ethics and behaviour, and socioeconomic status, in addition to the culture and the age or the stage at which a person starts using drugs all contribute in shaping addictive behaviour. The problem with drugs is that once a person starts consuming them, s/he may not be able to give up abusing them; hence, we should all be aware that drugs addiction is not just a normal habit that we can stop whenever we want, but rather a complex illness and a serious disease that makes the consumer lose self-control and ability to make right decisions. In fact, drugs addiction is a contemporary chronic disease that can cause harmful long-term consequences not only on the user but also on those around him, but as a matter of fact we can prevent ourselves from all these troubles by just avoiding initiating its causes. Works Cited Abramovitz, Melissa. â€Å"Addiction. † Current Health 2; Sep 1999: 26. Print. Buckland, Paul R. â€Å"Will We Ever Find the Genes for Addiction? Addiction, volume 103 number 11, November 2008, pp 1768-1776. Jeffrey, Kluger. â€Å"The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription†. Time September 13, 2010: p46-49. Print. Ghodse, Hamid. â€Å"Dru gs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment. † London: University of Cambridge Press. 2002. Print. Mayo Clinic staff. Drug Addiction, MayoClinic. com, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2009, web. November 2010. (http://www. mayoclinic. com/ health/ drug-addiction/DS00183). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse and Addiction, MedicineNet. com, MedicineNet. Inc, 2010, Web. 21 November 2010. (http://www. medicinenet. com/ drug_abuse/article. htm). How to cite Drugs Addiction, Essay examples